|
The nitrogen mustards are cytotoxic chemotherapy agents similar to mustard gas. Although their common use is medicinal, in principle these compounds can also be deployed as chemical warfare agents.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title =SULFUR MUSTARD: HEALTH EFFECTS )〕 Nitrogen mustards are nonspecific DNA alkylating agents. Nitrogen mustard gas was stockpiled by several nations during the Second World War, but it was never used in combat. As with all types of mustard gas, nitrogen mustards are powerful and persistent blister agents and the main examples (HN1, HN2, HN3, see below) are therefore classified as Schedule 1 substances within the Chemical Weapons Convention.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title =Chemical Weapons Convention: Schedule 1 Toxic chemicals )〕 Production and use is therefore strongly restricted. During WWII nitrogen mustards were studied at the Yale School of Medicine by Alfred Gilman and Louis Goodman, and classified human clinical trials of nitrogen mustards for the treatment of lymphoma started in December 1942. Also during WWII, an incident during the air raid on Bari, Italy, led to the release of mustard gas that affected several hundred soldiers and civilians. Medical examination of the survivors showed a decreased number of lymphocytes. After WWII was over, the Bari incident and the Yale group's studies eventually converged prompting a search for other similar compounds. Due to its use in previous studies, the nitrogen mustard known as "HN2" became the first chemotherapy drug mustine. Nitrogen mustards are not related to the mustard plant or its pungent essence, allyl isothiocyanate: the name comes from the pungent smell of chemical weapons preparations. ==Examples== The original nitrogen mustard drug, mustine (HN2), is no longer commonly in use because of excessive toxicity. Other nitrogen mustards developed as treatments include cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil, uramustine, ifosfamide, melphalan, and bendamustine. Bendamustine has recently reemerged as a viable chemotheraputic treatment. Nitrogen mustards that can be used for chemical warfare purposes are tightly regulated. Their weapon designations are:〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title =SCHEDULE 1 CHEMICALS )〕 * HN1: Bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylamine * HN2: Bis(2-chloroethyl)methylamine * HN3: Tris(2-chloroethyl)amine 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「nitrogen mustard」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
|